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Geologic faults and fractures are a feature of significant uncertainty for a wide range of geologic endeavours. The study of fractures and faults for mineral systems has been investigated for more than a hundred years. The oil and gas industries have been actively studying fault sealing processes over the past 50 years. Hydrogeology has developed an extensive understanding of near-surface aquifer processes. In most cases, these activities are profit-motivated. 

A significant part of these endeavours has been focused on exploiting fluid flow. In the more recently there has been a pivot to the containment of fluids, gases, salts and particles. In the cases of radioactive waste disposal, groundwater pollution, CO2 sequestration and saline water disposal; the science of seals and flow is now the basis of legal and regulatory frameworks.